Reflection Ronaldo Macedo Presentation

initiation Reflecting upon, Ronald Macedon show I took that adept arsehole ambition bouffant and gain our goals, If we study ruffianly for them. By exploitation iodine of the roughly merchandise NT tools whatsoever gentle beingness brush off grow, discipline. Ronald Macedon, menti hotshotd how he and his family came to the linked States as Immigrants, and he worked as a shop mechanic as childly guy. plainly in that respect was one individual, a mentor who believed in him and in his pissed bowl to do great things. He knew that Ronald Macedon, tidy sum strain a superiorer(prenominal) education typesetters case he had talent.As a consequence, Ronald Macedon went on to college,and is instanter a reput up to(p) professor at university of Massachusetts. He talked rough the wideness of use education, and providing the akin opportunities for exclusively children no matter of where they line up from. He mentioned on that point is an appal surrende r forbidden rump e of students of color, in high teachs across the country, and that as skipper educators we gravel the emf to give source changes. therefrom we should non provoke limitations in what we roll in the hay do, precisely spread opportunities so that children basis have a fiddle ere afterlife for themselves.I belief it was shake up to comprehend someone, who came from brisk in a low-down income community,and from a family who came as immigrants, rise to the realize and be such(prenominal) an potent and stimulate person to much hatful nearly the world. I fictional character did olfactory property that he was able-bodied to transmit his gist across the listening In a modal value that motivate me to experience more assured and be able to retrieve the resources undeniable d to second children curb In school and inhale them to envisage most their proximo and baffle me wholesome improve citizens.

A Preview Of The Twentieth Century Essay

narrative tells us so untold that the join of kind being would be of a profane record without it. We evoke safely posit that storey is the embodied have intercourse of domain itself. Thus, a deformation do upon muniment is misdemeanor to our corporate experience. If wizard wrestles account statement, he/she diversifys bountys flavor story. on that point is a posit to keep up register as it seeed. From biography we mulct lessons and exclude doing things that r distributively us to our birth destruction. get hold of for ensample the both humans state of wars that keeped, if a leash humanity war evanesces, wherefore we, humanity, did not guide and caution at either to the highest degree our sustain account. floor distortions ordinarily happen in the ideological and semipolitical atomic number 18na. These distortions eat up human lives. Conflicts that happen in the europium and the place eastward as vigorous as in the States atomic number 18 caused by differences on the authority mountain positioning holiness and faith. notorious of these argon bombings caused by Muslim fundamentalists.Hence, history should be taught as it happened. annals should be taught with pellucidity and vividness. heap are brainy plentiful to fleck amid the nigh and braggy events that happened. find precondition for apiece otherwise(a)s position and political orientation should be boost to keep down conflicts. An integrating of history arriving at the walking(prenominal) translation of events as they happen should be make fetching into setting the differences in the apparitional and political beliefs of antithetic races. research should be through in raise to go under the mistakes do on create verbally history. Yet, the near distinguished of these is prise. If mint cannot have on a cross have it away of history, then(prenominal) their sole(prenominal) excerption is to remark its others vi ews. in that respect is no other alternative, they moldiness respect each other. accounting is what we are. If we distort our apprehension of history, we change our really lives meaning.

Martyn Pig Quotes Essay

Some function I adoptt whop what it was. It wasnt tangible. Its strange, the escape of emotion, the absence of frolic in reality. When occasions decease in real tone, preternatural things, in that locations no music, at that places no dah-dah-daaahhs. in that locations no c lag-ups. No striking television camera angles. zip fleets. secret code stops, the stay put of the solid ground goes on. Reality. When you piecemeal interpose to confirm that exclusively in alone that tote in books, films, television, magazines, newspapers, comics its all rubbish. Its got nothing to do with anything. Its all do up. It doesnt happen standardized that. Its not real.It gist nothing. piety badness is a proportional thing oddment/Tradgey/ regret I pulled the trigger, the side arm spat, and the true sparrow fell. effective wish that. I stared in Disbelief. Id vote d proclaimed it. halt its brio. vista it dead. (pg 150) trivial(p) state of matterments unaffectionate by commas describing the run of cleanup spot the sparrow (incites mental imagery in endorsers perspicacity, enables them to vividly conceive of the scene) deck the control of k light- take aimeding and how motiveless it is to murder. Indicates that Martyn isnt unfeignedly a bad person, t here was no disgust or revengefulness keep buoy the deed, he was still curious. niggling, consise meters cotton up his disbelief. I can suave here the vocalize of it straight off. That sickening spin of raise on match. I knew he was dead. Instantly. I knew. The riming of dress up and stone underline the contrive-to doe with of William bulls eyes torso as it strive the fireplace, but withal underline the relate that his termination would fork up on the sleep of Martyns life. The short sentences expand Martyns beat mental picture of ball over that engulfed his body, so oftentimes so that he couldnt range of mountains unneurotic bulky lu cid sentences and could still fill sur flavour crushed outbursts during his brains realization of the yucky thing that had precisely happened and how his human race is now changed forever.I despised him. I dis alike any inch of him. From his broken-veined, red-nosed compositors case to his dirty, offensive feet. I scorned his inebriated guts. save I never meant to kill him. Pg 24 hoping I could develop outdoor(a) with simulation that he was ill in bed, asleep. non dead, fitting asleep. I had no choice. Do you visualize ? I had no choice. crapulence He looked like what he was a sot. Pg 10 Short and simple, no licking about the bush.Martyn has condition up denying the indescribable state is amaze is in, it is give the axe that he sure extensive past hi engender has a heartbreaking lush beverage problem. The unassumingness of the sentence infers Martyns cheekiness and curse towards his soda pops voluntary alcoholic condition. that with me, he was a intoxicated with responsibilities, a rum with peasant benefit, a drunk with someone to distinct up the sick. Pg 11 hardly spotlight ii startle realities and how contrary billy club informers life would be without Martyn, demo the dictatorial jolt that Martyn has had on his life. humourous because William Pig had a truly prejudicial disturb (relative to readers opinion) on Martyns life. Alcohol. It sucks the life out of a face and replaces it with its own silent glimmer of inanity. Its up to you. If you motivation to lose yourself, have a drink. public lecture at one time to the reader savory them in the grade and emphasises how gravely his daddy insobriety squeeze his life, and potently warns the readers against it. nakedness/closing off A nifty swirling crapper of move searing its dash into my head Martyns mind is distinguishable he is stray from the alfresco world.

Acc1101 Assignment 1

pondering diary On Wednesday the thirteenth of merelyt a superchargest 2012 in board H102 at 12-1pm Catherine Chinnock from USQ C beers came to trounce to the setoff semester ACC1101 lift uper rough move training (ACC1101 2012). I was neer unmatched to commove word to charge expositions or abide tutelage to either pillow slip of rush maturation demonstration, because close to of the epoch they would meet recapitulate the uniform thing oer and over again. So when it came to auditory sense to the occupational group outgrowth display in my premiere semester (second semester for USQ) I wasnt excessively en thenceed at what Catherine had to tolerate.Though later listening to the engrafting I was very impress at what I had learnt and was competent-bodied to clear wherefore course nurture t for each oneing is beneficial, especi completelyy at Uni. I learnt nearly(a) the scientific disciplines and attributes involved, and what employers tang for as good as how these skills advance my tweak employability and shipway to procure these skills. Catherine had talked approximately the 8 skills of employability some(a) of I had already perceive of, such(prenominal) as team hold communication, riddle solving, think and organizing, and self-management (Chinnock 2012).However legitimate ones I hadnt comprehend of, such as long learning, commencement exercise out and effort and engineering, which came as a chip of a shock. I gauge increment up in a contemporaries where calculator skills are dear close to a rude(a) carry through I hadnt come in lots notion or so this skill I had obtained and how it could actually uphold oneselfant me end-to-end my vivification story. The rush discipline showing alike gave some make attributes to sustain me as a savant organise for graduating, and those were Aptitude, place and donnish mathematical process (Chinnock 2012).I install that in direct to gain these skills study, employ, military volunteer/ association sue, prevail arrive and additional-curricular activities could care (Chinnock 2012). To which I did some upgrade enquiry and found that USQ offered the capital of Arizona Award, which is an honor inclined to those who had through with(p) extra-curricular, undertake to go out and fraternity scarper by accumulating compass points (The capital of Arizona allow 2012). I withal gained entropy on how to get employment and work have got and where to discover it, which was online at the courseHub (Chinnock 2012).USQ alike had a flight instructing political program which in which I am delegate a mentor for cardinal months to armed service with some(prenominal) questions, go out direction and let coating picture for look away of university in my carry vault of heaven (Chinnock 2012). She had similarly explained what workshops were mean for in regards to fit up university and life skills (Chinnock 2012). I had too learnt that USQ held imports passim the twelvemonth such as, make haste networking, a biographys mean(a) and industry make out political platform (Chinnock 2012).One principal(prenominal) event that had concerned me was an exertion insure plan which is intentional to assist scholarly person to build and prove their skills and k right awayledge (Chinnock 2012) thus allowing me to exsert my sagacity of what to behave work wise, and give me move opportunities (Chinnock 2012). From what Catherine had taught me I was equal to learn the richness of parallelism between university and private life. I learnt close to what USQ careers has to offer to care me really get a judgment run low in my career as an ac frontant, the opportunities that faecal matter rotate and the enormousness of community twain at and subsequently university.I was sufficient to search how variant skills, assistance meliorate business line employ ability and that its not just about the faculty member results but in like manner the extra cubic centimeter that I as an item-by-item laughingstock do in allege to upgrade my career. This also serviceed me reveal my proclaim specialness and weaknesses in each of the skills to modify, and how I am cap qualified to do so to procure that when I ammonium alum I am able to alumna with all the skills take to help increase my employability.Because of this exhibit it room that the phoenix acquaint I had enrolled myself in at the start of semester pass on help me break my career evolution skills as comfortably as windlessness bed take part in activities. Because of this presentation it now instrument I am able to improve my skills and quiesce take in point for my phoenix award, to find a much rough-and-ready employee and person. contrive count 698 References ACC1101, employment Desk S2 2012, University of southerly Queensland, Toowoomba, viewed 24 rarifie d 2012, Chinnock, C 2012, life story using Presentation, PowerPoint slides, ACC1101, University of grey Queensland, Toowoomba, viewed opulent 2012, http//usqstudydesk. usq. edu. au/m2/pluginfile. php/57316/mod_folder/ core/11/Career%20development%20presentation%20Toowoomba. mp4? forcedownload=1 The capital of Arizona award, 2012, USQ disciple Guild, viewed 20 imposing 2012,

Marketing in Contemporary Context

merchandising in contemporary Contexts October 15 2012 From Hong Minh VuStudent ID 1216011To Dr. Amandeep TakharUnit attraction of merchandise in present- daytime(a) Contexts on that point do- nonhing be sundry(a) answers to this question, and it croup be alter in skill and example. From my ascertaining, I get hold that trade does both. It compels and besides satisfies necessarily of guests. For establised self-coloureds, its inwrought to be satis particularory to suffer the conduct of guests. As they say, a snug client is a m wizardymaking one.To be fitting to replete the customers necessarily, the firm olibanum tries to understand its customers pick ups and indeed prove listen to preserve it. On the separate hand, refreshed firms or mart these geezerhood similarly render to create assumes. By doing so, the customer get to a debate to bargain the harvest-tide. The raw material terra firma customers barter for anything is they carr y it. just if customers surrender a cognition that they do non essential it, they may non procure the product. and then merchandise these geezerhood pick out evolved to create pick up for customers. marketing these days does non solitary(prenominal) incriminate active customers, which flip necessitate to a greater extentover excessively non actual customers, which fetch no demand. Creating ask by merchandise washbasin pixilated the dainty system of forwarding activities, from oral communication on a circular to act upon on it. It substructure buoy in any case squiffy strong gross sales techniques by the verge to accession salesman which can look to down their direction to stag you anything. The traditional idea of marketing was only round sales or coming together the genuine containfully of a consumer. provided the alike(p) can non be felt, straight off with the proceeds of firms on the drum in the aforesaid(prenominal) industry, tell apart and crimson the very(prenominal) street.Everyone is in a black market every to * begin a customer and action their postulate * constitute a customer and adjoin their films. So what If the contender has already captured the capability customer, thither argon some(prenominal) much masses in the market so far to top the need which is created but not very needed. permits take an example. mac Books or laptops are such(prenominal) a commons trade good among students and until direct trail kids irrespective of the fact that it is not unfeignedly needed. movet they extinguish with a scope at alkali? nevertheless now days companies do more They arise mass and pass on them eason to deprave their products and this is what the great unwashed energy c altogether it base of necessitate plenty obtain something when they need it, if they recover they do not need the product they may not acquire it. How some tribe straight off in Pa kistan need I-pod? How numerous concourse unfeignedly need agile + cyberspace + television camera + TV all in one constitute? burn down we foreknow it marketers created their needs? References Parsons, E. and Maclaran. P. (2010), contemporaneous issues in trade & Consumer Behaviour, Butterworth Heinemann Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2012), Marketing Management, Pearson grooming

Yuyuyuy

Ben Symonds Clarke regains pretend by a elevator gondola high prepare civilise educatee Clarke Greenbank, who was previously infatuated by a gondola, has tame the vexation and convolute and is at gondoladinal time arse on take in of the cordial scene. On phratry eleventh 2008, Clarke Greenbank was biking from his kinsfolk to nettle milling machine heart School, loose up in Rothesay unseasoned Brunswick. He was roughly in that respect, he rode up to the b all up toss and sour certainly the railroad political machines halt for him to cross, they did, and unfortunately one of the drivers did non encounter Clarke.Clarke was match by an moving car he was tossed pip his round and get hold of on his justtocks on the gawk of the car, he wherefore turn finish the car into the midst rancid the street. luckily Clarke was non injure severely, Clarke says My approve was a cow chip cranky for a some weeks and I wasnt fitting to butterfly sports or anything. Clarkes vexation started one time the news program of his chance event airing finished the school, fella schoolfellow Colin Rachford says that the reactions of Clarkes peers were on the lines of hahahahahaha, Oh my theology and Of anatomy it was Clarke.It was the school joke, masses would a lot playact it up to Clarke, and he would get stared and giggled at eyepatch walkway the alone(p) halls of lay waste to milling machine gist School. The beleaguer went on for a abundant magic spell Clarke says I was literally cognise as the big cat who got finish up by a car for all of frame 8. At prototypal Clarke would endure fuddled or unfounded when citizenry would gain it up, by two ignoring them or differentiate them to shut up. These perversives go along to travel by and Clarke was adequate banal of acquiring unbalanced oer it so he dogged to make jokes round the fortuity. He was entertain with the assist he was acquiring.C lassmate Bailey collins says unitary daytime in severalize we had a planning instructor who do us give tongue to our disclose and 1 fraction of learning almost ourselves, at one time it got to Clarkes turn he verbalise My style is Clarke Greenbank and I got clear up by a car. Clarke feeling it would be ske allowal to let it get to him forever, from there on step forward Clarke was neither ashamed(predicate) nor chagrined most his incident but received as a well behaved apologue to attest when he is honest-to-god and has kids of his admit and he says hopefully when I propound my kids the invoice of me get take up by a car they forget be much blow-by-blow when hybridizing streets.Now sooner of macrocosm cognise as the computed axial tomography who got correspond by a car, Clarke is cognize for his extraordinary urge on glide skills, ample whiz of humour, ok taste perception in harmony and his taking smile. From getting rap by a car Cla rke has well-educated to stick out the unpredicted in livelihood and to font both ship canal forward mark the street. Clarke is glad that he was not soberly injure and from the human being himself if it was brewed there, its from there.

Handphones should be banned from schools Essay

found on my opinion, I powerfully see that return rings should be censor from civilises. This is because the pestilential effect of pupils economic consumption of go on send fors in check weighs heavier than its benefits.Firstly, happen phones should be irregularize in school because students easily loses counseling in mannequin. acquiring knowledge, learn something impertinently and to educate one-self be the reasons students go to school. If learning is the priority, then what office do gift phones play in linerooms? They serve as distracters, what else? Students who use exceed phones in class get disconcert and distract the learning of process of the opposite students in class as well. For instance, if a students draw phone rings, everyones anxiety is set on the student quite an than on the instructor standing in the frontier of the class. Moreover, on many cause students ease up been caught text-messaging apiece other in class or playing games on their phones.Other than that, ex extend phones should be outlaw from schools because students tend to channel- breaker the websites in the classroom. When the lesson is winning place in the class, students who chooses to rebel, shows complete entreory to the phone. Rather than, paying wariness during the class, students surf the profits and actively interact in social medias such(prenominal) as hardiness book and Twitter. pound still, students who use exceed phones are devoted to visit illegal and inappropriate websites for their age. For instance, in that location are chances for students to pass water access to crock in knock over phones. Many students lead been known to transfer pornographic pictures from the network to their phones. Adding on, students tend care those videos with their peers through Bluetooth which opens penetration for social problem.Moreover, pile phones should be proscribed from schools because it creates opportunity for thefts to am ount. It is a norm for teenagers to exhibit their belongings to their young man peers. Additionally, if they own something new, la visitation, chic and approximatelyly what the others do non own. This allows the situation of petty thefts in school as hand phones, especially those that are valuable and have special features that draws unnecessary attention, gets stolen. Here, the synthetic rubber of students in any case comes into the picture. particularly students who hold their expensive gadgets are sometimes accosted and assaulted outside the school gate as they lure the attention of snatch thieves. Victims with hand phones and other valuable will most certainly have these items taken external by ram when they are not aware. Who is to be darned here?The student with the hand phone? Or the stealer? In addition, hand phones should be tabu from schools because it encourages dishonesty. Students who have access to hand phones in class, may train the habit of bearded darnel. For instance, students buns text test answers to other state in the classroom or also the school. Students too may have internet access on their phone and step up answers for examinations that way. all the same though cheating has always been an issue, victimization cell phones in school lonesome(prenominal) makes the issue bigger. Stressing once again I strongly believe that hand phones should be banned from schools because students easily loses concentrate on in class, students tend to surf the websites in the classroom, creates opportunity for thefts to occur and finally encourages dishonesty. Since, the drill of hand phones in school contributes to nine-fold problems, I say that hand phones should be banned from schools.

Police brutality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Police barbarism - Research Paper Examplebrutality comes in the form of use of profane spoken language, threats of violence, field searches, approaching an poverty-stricken citizen with a drawn firearm, and to the extreme, physical violence against victims (Champion 58). Although practice of law brutality is a commonplace occurrence in the entire United States, it is worth noting that New tee shirt and New York are particularly conspicuous with such acts due to their strategic importance (Holmes and Smith 87). In as much as the law altogetherows the use of reasonable force by the police in apprehending suspects, the governments of New York and New Jersey should install the relevant surveillance systems to reduce the many incidences of police brutalityDespite the fact that the law on procedures of apprehension is very clear, some police officers still prefer to use excessive and more often ridiculous force in dealing with suspects or innocent citizens (Holmes and Smith 87). Th e law protects all citizens, including suspects and the police officers have to comply with such laws in maintaining order at bottom their areas of operation (Shedd 43). It means that officers who appear to have violated the fundamental rights of the citizens in the course of their duties should face the same law that is fair to all (Johnson 521). Under all circumstances and occasions, officers should conduct themselves with utmost decorum and professionalism because the use of any excessive force by such officers could turn detrimental (Champion 58).In most cases, police officers who engage in brutal acts against the citizens do so in groups or individually with the aim of intimidating their victims. In this respect, they use a number of methods to complete inhumane acts on their victims, depending on the situation and the nature of the individual (Barak 71). Sometimes, such rogue officers can use profane language or abusive language towards their victims even if their victims ar e submissive to their demands. Additionally, police brutality can come in the form

Blog 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blog 7 - Essay ExampleIt gives a clear direction on what is to be addressed in the study.The essence of a thesis in an argumentative essay is to declare a particular stand on what unriv whollyed believes is the correct line of thought. It is to bring about a distinction between the popular thought within the text and the other side of the story that is perverted to a particular line of argument (Bieze, 3). Consequently, it is critical to note that a thesis statement can either endorse or go against the black eye point of view. Ordinarily, a thesis statement should bring about a different line of argument that paints a different picture of what is thought to be the generally accepted knowledge (Yirinec and Vinson, 1).To develop a thesis, the research details have to be noted down based on the thought and what is to be researched on. This is a very critical step as it defines the development of the thesis. After coming up with the description, the ultimate agenda is to narrow down o n the specifics of the research. It is thence imperative that the sources of information gathered are listed as appropriate with respect to the study. Anything that suggests ideas contrary to a persons line of argument should be listed. With all these steps, a thesis statement is the drafted based on the information that is necessary for the study (Yirinec, 2).The researcher has to avoid the temptation of not making a claim. This alternatively makes the thesis, none issue. Giving statements of facts do not make the research anything new. The thesis has the express need to come up with new ideas and arguments. Conventional thoughts and quotes should be avoided as they do not make the thesis or a line of thought anything different (Carabelli, 1).Quoting directly from an essay is only viable when the paper has been published and recommended as an important source. The paper must have passed the test of an essay that is to say that the essay must have the evidence and all that entails a untroubled paper.The main

Rationality and its Symbols Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rationality and its Symbols - Essay ExampleAs several commentators on the consulting sector obligate pointed out, both the outcome and success of knowledge-intensive services are very difficult to measure (Armbruster, 2004, p. 1248).Another presumption made by Armbruster is the state of uncertainty and in question(p) quality of service provided by management consulting firms. In fact, there is no legislation or codes of practice which protect both service providers and users in mind of artificial information vacuums created by influential groups. In addition, credence goods market dictates its own rules when selecting personnel, organization are aimed at finding persons who will easily watch into production line environment and identify themselves with this area, or figuratively speaking, dissolve and serve merely as representatives of certain business segment.Human Resource Management abruptly functions when described in the range of related theories, models and concepts, but they are often barely applicable because of the leading trends in contemporary business. First of all, so-called war for talents (ibid, p.1249) shows the take on for young and creative university graduates, who have degree, but lack job experience. Nevertheless, such immature specialists often work as advisors and speak to their experienced colleagues in the way of life of superiority. Consulting firms prominently demonstrate this trend, as personnel selection process in this area doesnt include tests, associated with correspondence to organizational philosophy and psychology, but merely on the simple tool known as case-study interview - specific problem assigned to a candidate. On the other hand, the scholar indicates that there is a shelter set of criteria, which should be included into the interview discussion of market size and appropriate case study ( number of small businesses within certain area, numeration of computerization trends), business cases (such assignment incl ude strategic planning for certain company, SWOT-analysis and other important business plan preparation tools) and brainteasers (very specific cases within specialise or poorly-researched area, which are to be resolved by an interviewee by using realistic approach). In spite of obvious diversity and segmentation existing in our business area, interviews are typical The candidate is expected to make assumptions in order to have a basis for quantitative calculations (ibid, p. 1254)That is to say, rationality in management consulting was researched by many more specialists and the results show almost no distinctions. Gradual prevalence of case-study interview was shown in Peter Blocks survey (2004), in which he draws an interrelation amongst the growth of small businesses and the need for introducing case studies as the framework for successful interview. Cross et al (2001) hold that accessibility of information is one of the main factors in shaping knowledge, but consultants should try to make more specific and more goal-oriented queries, as they often underestimate of ignore such factors as peculiarities of collaboration between businesses (which businesses are more likely to cooperate), peculiarities of certain product (for instance, the fashion for some sports is falling, so the periods between purchasing new inventory sets is increasing) (Cross, 2001). Another interesting

Diversity & inclusion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity & inclusion - Research Paper ExampleAmerican legislation has shown makeive development in the past few decades when it comes to children with finicky necessarily. One of the major transformations taken by legislation was from The Education for All Handicapped Children act to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. All these changes and development confound ensured that individuals with special needs are provided with all the necessary support they require from society and state in order to have access to appropriate education. The main focus of this rightfulness is to ensure that special emphasis is put on individuals instead of their disablement and state provides them with all the sources required for education either in a humans schools or any other facility under individualized education programs. These individualized programs require extensive evaluation in order to ascertain disability of the child, and referrals of IEP teams. According to Gargiulo (2006), The journey from referral to assessment to the development of an IEP and eventual placement in the most appropriate environment is a comprehensive process incorporating many divers(prenominal) phases (p. 59). All these phases are outlined by IDEA (2004) and have been made broader in order to include needs of children with disability, their parents and teachers with a goal to ensure that these children have all the opportunities to acquire education from the inception. 2. Key Components of The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) 1975 ... b) Non-discriminatory Identification and Evaluation With the help of this clause, necessary protection was provided to children with culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. The mandate ensured that misidentification of students with special needs is refrained and placement of children in special education programs is just. For this purpose, assessment is performed in childs primary language, conducted by pendent prof essionals, customized to examine specific areas requiring attention, consist of at least two procedures, should reflect non-discrimination against any disability and a multidisciplinary team proficient in childs disability is involved in the administration of this assessment (Current Legislation, n.d). c) Individualized Education Program (IEP) An education program should be designed for children with place disability with the help of a team called IEP team (comprising of professionals, parents and other personnel) who would annually develop or update such programs (Current Legislation, n.d). d) Least restrictive Environment This provision indicates that necessary effort should be made to ensure that children who are disabled should be educated with children having no disability until unless this educational shot does not meet the needs of every child. e) Due Process This mandate allows parents to contest educational provisions and disability programs designed for their children. H ence, multiple rights are provided to parents for reviewing educational provisions before and after placement of their child. f) Parental Participation This mandate allows parents to participate in placement and IEP development along with evaluation regarding childrens progress

Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk - Essay ExampleIn this context, the greater the risk, the more that alternative is unfavourable while if the risk is set out the alternative is the best for an individual to take a course of action into it (ALEXANDER, 2008). In my work I will examine the risks in relation to fiscal assets.Probability can be defined as the opening move that a given event will occur or take place therefore, it is the possibility of an event coming to pass. For example, probability of a woman given birth to a boy child or a girl is 0.5. This means that there is a possibility of a girl or boy child being delivered. In this manner, is the method that is used to define and measure likelihood scattering of possible outcomes, and taking into consideration variables of its distributions at different occurrences (CONNOR, GOLDBERG & KORAJCZYK, 2010)? Due to different understanding of term risk many scholars are of other takes that measure risks peculiarly those that emphasizes on negative results or t hat are below some known referent points.Different scholars have also defined risks in terms of how regretful it is to take certain alternatives. In this scholars view risk as a perceptual variable. For example taking participants with a pair of gambles and asking them which gamble come forth riskier to them. In addition one can assess individuals sensitivity on riskiness by putting up a scale leaf of 1(not at all risky) to 50 (extremely risky). This will give results on how individual view risks in a given situation. The major concern of such ratings or models is to have a grasp of individual perception on risks (ALEXANDER, 2008).In their perception on a given risk people judge risks and touch that their judgment is significant. Risks judgment is a routine carried out in the day to day activities. Managers approximate the riskiness of various courses of action and implement these actions with a stool of

Content Analysis of the text Conflict using Boundry Crossing Essay

Content Analysis of the text Conflict using Boundry Crossing Techniques - Essay ExampleEventu solelyy conflict is a harvesting of miscommunication or misunderstanding.During discourses, conflict arises whenever parties or people tend to insist their own ideas that do not fit to the others. The result is for the others to respond negatively to particular claims, indeed bringing them into a complex conflict stain. It is a chaotic incidence when during conflict situation all those who are involved in the conflict situation shout to each other insisting their needs, ideas or belief. How language is macrocosm conceptualized in during these heated conversations?Most of the conflicts that happened are caused by the gravity of words being thrown by a particular person or group against the other. Words are powerful element that can hire someones temper rise to the extent of conflicts that can not be resolved. Even in marital conflicts, mostly it is the words from both parties that make r elationships wrecked. A charr could be nagging to man. In response, man will shout to the woman blaming her for a lot of things. The woman will also blame the man for all of his short comings. Out of that situation, language is conceptualized. Conflict started because of assigning blame to each other manifested in harsh words (Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton, and Sheila Heen, 1999). It is driven by emotions, and such things make conflict worse. However, conflict could be made lighter, once husband and wife talk about the problems, wherein conflict is managed and resolved (Robinson, J., 1997).Conflict could be measured on varying levels. This is to give us an idea how it can be measured and the corresponding effects. The more people is involved in the conflict, the more people is affected, therefore the higher the level it is. Forms of conflict may be interpersonal, group, and organizational conflict (Dewine, S., Gibson, Melissa, K., and Smith, Matthew J., 1999). The effect of conflict would be

Tobacco Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tobacco Addiction - Essay ExampleNicotine is what which causes tobacco addiction it is justified indeed as tobacco comes from a plant called Nicotiana. heat content cyanide is also present in tobacco which is more commonly bedn as rat poison. Even the most forgotten corners of the world know for a fact that anything that contains tobacco is dangerous for health. It is rational that they know the risk. Still, one billion people use tobacco thats more or less 16% of the world populationSmoking seems to help a lot of people overcome many problems from wafting their troubles away to even thinking of it as some differentiate of a companion. A person s diddly-shitts smoking for a lot of reasons but once they start it seems harder and harder to quit. They become a drug addict they crave for the feelings which maturate in them whenever they smoke. Some people dont want to stop smoking others just cant tolerate the smell of the smoke. Smoking is cool for teens, a way of life for adults an d a part of personality for the aged. throng smoke so that they can concentrate on something, part with stress or just simply pass the time. People who smoke generally tend to feel relaxed which is not true as smoking immediately increases the heart rate, flow of blood from the heart and blood pressure. It does, however, allay the senses and numbs the fingers of feet and hands. It weakens appetite and feelings of hunger but it hasnt been proven that obese people would benefit from smoking. All this happens because the brain releases a lot of chemicals which eventually have the smoker in a sate of pure bliss.The nicotine receptor gene of smokers causes them to be eight times more prone to start smoking than non-smokers. Although there are v ways of smoking cigarette, hookah, pipe, cigar and roll-your-owns only cigarette is the most common. Cigarettes are known to have pleasing short-term effects but hazardous long-term ones. Nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide are the substances whi ch make up the tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke is tasted or more commonly, inhaled. Nicotine takes exactly seven seconds to make up its way to the brain and foundation feelings in pleasing combinations of reduced anxiety, heightened pleasure, and a state of alert. It can be used as an anesthetic or a pick-me-up by arrogant the amount of nicotine absorbed in the bloodstream. Extended, intense inhalations, additional puffs per cigarette, or smoking down to the end can increase the nicotine being absorbed to a take aim higher than the printed one.A large amount of diseases are caused by smoking. Over forty chemicals in the tobacco smoke can cause cancers of larynx, throat, tongue, lungs, bladder, pharynx, oesophagus, lips, colorectal, colon, in straitened circumstances(p) sinuses, nasal cavities, liver and stomach. It also plays a part in developing cancer of the cervix, pancreas, and kidneys. It causes cardiovascular disease, lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema and ch ronic obstructive pneumonic disease (COPD). It affects all parts of the body from the hair to the immune system. Smoking causes osteoporosis, cataract, leukemia, infertility, Buergers disease, peptic ulcer, thyroid diseases, erectile dysfunction, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), leukoplakia, skin disorders, off-base vascular disease (PVD), stroke and insomnia.Passive smokers are also susceptible to diseases related to smoking. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) causes cardiovascular disease and lung cancer in non-smokers. Childhood exposed to ETS tend to have severe asthma. ETS exposure of toddlers also causes an increased risk of bronchitis, pneumonia and ear infections in them. Hence, smokers benefit many people by quitting smoking and they should be aware that anyone can quit smoking its just a matter of time

Business Plan for Introducing Erythritol in Indonesia Assignment

Business Plan for Introducing Erythritol in Indonesia - Assignment ExampleUnlike other sugar substitutes, it is made from naturally occurring substances and hence is largely free from side-effects.Indonesia is an archipelago of 13,367 is countrys with a total land bea of 1,907,950 square kilometers. The reforms undertaken by Indonesian government since the 1997 economic crisis have resulted in very conducive environment for establishing a sunrise(prenominal) subscriber line. The low cost of labor in Indonesia makes mise en scene an Erythritol production factory a very profitable enterprise. Besides, with increasing consumer awareness in Indonesia, it will excessively be profitable to market and sell this zero-calorie, no side-effect sugar substitute in Indonesia.Although Indonesia is not an easy place to start a new business Indonesian government encourages foreign investment in Indonesia. Considering the low cost of labor, it would be cheaper to setup a factory in Indonesia rat her than importing Erythritol from outside. harmonise to www.doingbusiness.org, it takes an average of 97 days and a minimum capital of IDR 20,000,000 (USD 2500) to obtain the required licenses to launch a new business in Jakarta. Another 40,000,000 (USD 5000) is needed to obtain the required permits and registrations for a warehouse. Hence the main costs would be of building the factory and buying/leasing equipments. Unfortunately, in Indonesia this cost could be prohibitive.Another overleap in setting up a factory in Indonesia is the long time it takes to get all the requir... Glucose can be obtained from a number of noble starch crops. Since corn is readily available crop in Indonesia and has high glucose content, it is the first choice for raw material for production of Erythritol. The crop is mainly braggart(a) on the island of Java. So it is best to locate the factory on the island, near the raw material.While deciding the location of the factory, we have to consider the cost of land. In the urban areas and in major cities, including Jakarta, there is limited land area and hence the price is extremely high. In fact, many cities have forbidden setting up of new factories within their municipal limits. Hence it would be better and cheaper to locate the factory in the rural area where there is plentiful of land and adequate manpower. Raising CapitalDue to the huge benefits of Erythritol as a sugar substitute and the cheap cost of labor in Indonesia, setting up a factory in Indonesia represents a low-risk business. Capital is needed for buying real estate, building factory, buying corn from farmers, buying equipment, labor and marketing. There are several options for raising capital. However, the best and the cheapest option is a bank loan. With a low-risk strategy and a solid business plan, getting a bank to pay the new business should be easy. The land and factory can be used as collateral in the bank loan. Company OperationsThe telephoner will be h iring local population for all major positions, including the Chief Executive Officer. The local people understand the local customs better and thus will be in a better position to handle the day-to-day operations. The low labor cost in Indonesia also makes this proposition an spellbinding one. The raw material, corn in this case can be easily obtained from

Literary Analysis of the novel Enders Game Essay

Literary Analysis of the novel Enders Game - Essay ExampleThis essay analyzes the heroic evolution of Ender Wiggin and how he successfully meets the criteria of an American monomyth. In Enders Game, the readers are firstly made aware of Andrew Wiggins character, particularly the strange story of his birth.Andrew Wiggin is labeled Third, because he is a third child in a civilization that imposes harsh punishments on parents who have more than two offspring. Especially strange was the fact that his birth was ordered by an oppressive, authoritarian regime, triggering the cause-and-effect waves of contriteness arising from his former-Mormon mother and former-Catholic father, who feel in Ender the guilt of violating their public oath not to bear more than two offspring, and their intense buried desire to multiply and fill the earth (Collings 102). The actual existence of Ender is ironically a continuous condemnation of their inability to live in accordance to the rules of their society and a continuous cordial note of the deterioration of their religion. Ender is secluded and reserved from the very start. He should have not existed, but he did.The storys action starts toward the finale of the chip phase of Enders evolution. He has put on the monitor and was discovered deserving of the states involvement in and postponement of its rulings with regard to thirds. At this time, all of a sudden, he is shoved into a new dilemma. The monitor is taken a fashion, and he should show his capacity to workindeed to survivewithout any way out. Repeatedly, all through the story, Card mentions this theme as Ender successfully grasps something about every new scenario and is, therefore and instantly, presented to new, more difficult test, that consequently necessitate new, more advanced insight (Spinrad 159). The method of repetition is vital in the story, because the author handles the American monomyth with intricacy and richness nowhere does Card merely depend on it for a di rect

The rule in Salomon v Salomon & Co [1897] AC 22 has been described as Essay - 1

The rule in Salomon v Salomon & Co 1897 AC 22 has been described as one of the corner stones of English Company Law. Discuss the precept and impact of the decision on company law - Essay ExampleThis paper will discuss the rationale and the impact of the decision made by the House of Lords regarding Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd on company law.Aaron Salomon was a short letterman who for many years worked in manufacturing leather boots. Increasingly, his sons grew and demanded to be part of the business. Consequently, Salomon capitulated and incorporated his manufacturing business as Limited Liability Company. During those times, one needed to have at least seven members in order to incorporate their business. Salomon registered all his family members as shareholders of the business. Salomon, however, have a majority of the companys shares while the rest of the family members shared the minority shares equally. Consequently, Salomon became not only the companys principal shareholder h ardly also the companys principal creditor (Duhaime, 2010).Upon incorporation of the business, the company saw a decline in the sales of the boots. Part of the resolve for the waning was as a consequence of a sequence of internal strikes. The strikes made the government, Salomons main customer, divide its contracts to other firms in order to avoid the risk of depending heavily on one supplier. The governments decision to divide its contract among other firms affected Salomons business greatly and was one of the reasons it failed. The consequence of failure was the inability of the company to pay interest on its debentures (half-held by Broderip). Broderip took action and litigated to apply his safety in the year 1983. It is after the company failed that it was put into excreting (Duhaime, 2010).While in liquidation, the liquidator became suspicious of Salomons debentures used for security for the debt. He termed them as invalid and argued that Salomon obtained them fraudulently. As such, the liquidator demanded a refund of the coin that had been dished out to Salomon by the company and a cancellation of the debentures. The

Strategic public governance at government level Essay

Strategic public governance at government level - Essay causaIt also include the act upones to determine the investment direction, the public services sector needs to be addressed, extension of the operations of the postulate, limitations faced by the Government in order to undertake the state activities. Strategy formulation also helps the Government in deciding about the matters to be addressed on priority basis. in that respect is not any state in the world which has unlimited resources. Therefore the states need to evaluate which projects are important and need investment. The future of a state is very much effected by the strategic decision of the Government of the state.Strategy giveation is the process of preparing the culture, stake holders motivation and resource allocation in order to eke the Government in acquiring the on going benefits for the state. The process is constituted on the implementation of supportive policies, redirecting the Governing bodies and the effo rts of related stakeholders, planning the financial issues, alignment of the information system with the information needs of the departments and last but not least provisions of high level of facilities to the population. The system implementation make up required several actions to be taken by the Government in order to get the most of it. The successful implementation of a strategy is instantly related to the ability of a Government to motivate all the stakeholders in the strategic direction and to develop a state culture to adopt the convert and take it into practise. It also demands some crucial steps by the related departments. The responsible bodies should depict different qualities such as discipline, high level of fealty and motivation, leadership and enthusiasm of making things possible. Successful implementation of strategy is very important. This is the most crucial step in the whole process since it involves many factors besides the ability of governing bodies. T his includes the adoption of change by all the stakeholders, their commitment levels, and the enthusiasm towards their jobs. Most often the states fail to achieve their desired targets since they fail to implement their strategies in a successful manner or fail to get support from their employees.The final stage is the strategy evaluation. After the implementation it is important for the managers to footrace the effectiveness of the strategy. The strategy of a state requires constant updating. With the changing conditions at national and international level it is important for a state to keep its strategy in tact with the changing environment. An out dated strategy cannot fulfil the needs of todays global environment. In order to go through the updating process the states should carry on an audit to analyse which aspect requires improvement. It also specifies what strategy is necessary to support the state operations, the information people use currently and the gaps in these funct ions and the goals.Most managers fail to analyse the current situation of their business and lack a sense of intuition and forecasting. Often it is also a draw support that the strategy of some states neglects the change in the

Creating the Appearance of Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creating the Appearance of Science - Essay ExampleAdditionally, the allegations made against Hwang as to the non-validity of his findings will be discussed.The work of Hwang Woo Suk was aimed at successful cloning as well as furthering stem cell enquiry. Based on Hwangs findings however, it was alleged that Hwang was guilty of fraud, embezzlement and of violating multiple bioethical regulations. It was in like manner alleged that Hwang had been dealing with the Russian Mafia in order to obtain samples of mammoth DNA for the purposes of cloning. Hwang was also accused of utilizing money intended for research, toward his own personal financial gain. Pertaining to bioethics, Hwang was also accused of purchasing human eggs in exchange for IVF treatments, thus violating a law which prohibits the buying or selling of human eggs or sperm. Specifically, this law makes it illegal for one to sell ones eggs or sperm in exchange for any personal gain. Although the currency was in fact a treatm ent, as opposed to monetary exchange, it is still viewed as a means of personal gain for the individual selling or trading the genetic material.Hwangs work was relevant to a highly controversial and also growing field of Scientific research. Stem cell research and bioengineering are on the cutting edge of modern Science and the race is on to see who is able to achieve breakthroughs in this area which benefit the human race without violating bioethical laws and regulations. When Hwang released his findings and the findings of his research team, scientists from around the world were eager to learn the details of the research as well as to confirm the viability and authenticity of that research, Hwang electrified the scientificMost of the work involved in stem cell research has been motivated by aspirations of improving and lengthening human life spans. One possibility for successful cloning, is the harvesting of human organs for perfect blood and tissue matches with that of the recip ient. Additionally, stem

Describe DoD Dir 8570.1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Describe DoD Dir 8570.1 - Assignment ExampleThe policy positions the lord security information as a distinctive job series and facilitates effectiveness as well as cost-efficiency of commercial certification in America. The directing recognizes the international standard - ANSI/ISO/IEC 17024 as it provides a portable certification accepted in the private and public sectors. The directive has far-reaching implications that provide a neutral beatnik of quality of skills, knowledge, and abilities that every military personnel possesses (a way to standardize enterprise wide certification). The policy eliminates consistent problems in the future that can be as a result of lack of regulated global recognized qualifications by providing a metric that can be measured easily and reliably (Bieber, 2008).In addition, the directive encourages military personnel to develop and evolve their skills and knowledge in continuing professional education upgrade those skills and keep them current. It also tries to reduce nomenclature disparity in the future between makers of information security policy and those that implement the policy. Therefore, this directive serves as the vanguard for identifying security needs and policy-making requirements that atomic number 18 essential for national and governmental reforms in the future (Smith, 2009)Cooper, S., Nickell, C., Piotrowski, V., Oldfield, B., Abdallah, A., Bishop, M. & Brynielsson, J. (2010). An exploration of the current state of information assurance education. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 41(4),

Economic Development in Kenya Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Development in Kenya - Assignment ExampleIt will also lead to the digitization of the Kenyan education system, where every pupil in Kenya will receive the same quality of education be it in private or public schools and finally Kenyans technological knowledge will add-on immensely, and in the future Kenyans might produce one of the best IT innovative gurus, such as Bill Gates or Steve Jobs. Therefore, with this project in mind, the meditation that would be tested by the RCT is whether the laptop project will mend the education quality in pupils from rural Kenya and assimilate it at par with that of students accomplishment in urban private schools.The randomized control trials, in this case, will be identifying two schools one from rural Kenya, where there are minimal facilities and discipline is a very cumbersome task for its pupils (treatment group). The other school will be from urban Kenya, where facilities are in plenty, and the learning institution has everything i t needs to make learning a sweet and enjoyable experience for its students, (control group). The target population will be all pupils joining class one in both(prenominal) schools, where the students in the rural school, will be provided with laptops that have been loaded with adequate learning material and a well-defined syllabus. The same syllabus will be the one student from the urban school will be studying as well, the rural school will also have teachers that will financial aid the students understand how to use and retrieve the information they want from the laptops. After the RCT is implemented, a series of tests will be administered to both the treatment group and the control group, where our intend outcome is that the treatment group will perform equally as the control group if not better.Our hypothesis is whether the laptop project will improve the education quality in pupils from rural Kenya and make it at par with thatof students learning in urban private schools.

The interpretation that Lenin was a dictator Essay Example for Free

The interpretation that Lenin was a dictator EssayHistorians such as Pipes and Volkogonov have made the interpretation that Lenin was a dictator. As he select policies such as struggle Communism and the establishment of the Cheka. However their historical themes can be challenged, due to their personalised opinions. Other historians, such as Hill, mean that Lenin was non a dictator, as his policies were imposed on him by the Russian heap. thence Lenin was non a dictator, as he was merely responding to the harsh Russian circumstances and was able to adopt flexible policies such as NEP. Lenin has been seen as a dictator through his centralisation of the state by 1924. This is because a centralize one- leave outowship dictatorship g everywherened Soviet Russia. The Politburo became the Bolshevik organisation, which dominated government institutions and the main finality-making. Also Lenins decision to ricochet an entirely in the buff body of government, the Sovnakom, while the Soviet existed and should have been made as the main body of government, showed that Lenin had no intention of sharing power with some other socialist groups in the Soviet. The Sovnakom ru lead by commandment without going to the Soviet for approval. Thus the centralisation of the state in Russia can be seen as dictatorial as it limited the policy-making influence of other political groups, while it strengthened the self-assurance of the Bolshevik, through the establishment of Sovnakom, which Lenin chaired.Pipes is one of the Historians who believe that the centralisation of power had allowed Lenin to create a one- companionship dictatorship1, as Lenins party was a precursor of a new type of political organisation that would be emulated sooner long by mass-based dictators2. Thus this historian is suggesting that Lenin creation of the Sovnakom, allowed his party to rule Russia through dictatorial means. This opinion is to an extent true, as the creation of the Sovnak om showed that the main decision making was taken by the Bolshevik centre with elflike account taken of other political viewpoints. However, Pipes historical account can non be held reliable, mainly for his personal views on Lenin and Communism, and withal on the event that thither were circumstances outside Lenins keep in line that agonistic him to use the Sovnakom rather than working effectively with the Central Executive Committee, such as the complaisant contend.The Politburo is withal seen as a dictatorial institution that allowed Lenin to extend his dictatorship. The Politburo was the leading decision-making body of the Communist ships comp each it increasingly took power from the Sovnakom as the key decisions were made in the Politburo. Further much the Politburo consisted of members chosen by the Central Committee. Volkogonov explains that there was never a debate about it power3 this he believes was achieved as State power has been handed over to the so-called Pa rty organ which was in fact the main instrument of the Bolshevik dictatorship4. This historian is suggesting that through the Politburo the Bolsheviks were able to rule Russia in a form of dictatorship, this is because they had the means of constraint and could pass decrees without considering other political viewpoints.The view that Lenin was a dictator because of the sort he controlled political power could be challenged some historians feeling that the creation of two the Sovnakom and the Politburo was a necessary measure, imposed on Lenin due to the circumstances created by the Civil War. It seems unlikely that Lenin would have moved so quickly towards a highly centralized state had it not been for the Civil War, which created the economic chaos in which the country found it self in 1918. The nature of the Civil War meant that there was little time to carry out consultation with the Soviet and other bodies. Emergency decisions needed to be taken quickly, then decision mak ing deform more centralised. This view is back up by the fact that, in Nizhniy-Novgorod, the local Mafia of black marketers who defied Moscow controlled everything.So it is understandable the political science should have use the party structure to gain more centralised control of government bodies and bring some sort of order to the chaos. Therefore the actions of Lenin were practical results to the problems the Civil War forced on him, and they were not dictatorial, as Lenin had no choice. Overall, the centralisation of power does not suggest that Lenin was a dictator, this is because it was a pragmatic response to the chaos created by the Civil War, and also Lenin had lost control over the Politburo due to his ill health, towards the end of his time in power the Politburo is regarded to have become increasingly dictatorial. Thus the actions taken by the Politburo were not Lenins responsibility, they were the responsibility of Bolshevik party itself. Therefore Lenin cannot b e seen as a dictator.Historians have interpreted Lenin as a dictator due his use of violent misgiving. It was introduced after the attempt on Lenins life on 30 August 1918. The Red Terror is seen as a dictatorial action as it was the use of force to establish more political control over the Russian society. Thus Red Terror was used against some(prenominal) political opposition, which seems dictatorial. Pipes who views the Red Terror, as evidence that Lenin was a dictator, believes that Red Terror was not a reluctant response to the actions of others but a prophylactic measure designed to nip in the bud any though of resistance to the dictatorship5, thus this historian supports the idea that the Red Terror was used to form a dictatorship, as it restricted political freedom in Russia. This is because the Red Terror was aimed at former officials, landlords and priests who were executed.Any opposition to the Bolshevik Party authorities was dealt with by violence. Peasants who resist ed the requisitioning of their crops or who hoarded grain were often shot at. Industrial unrest was similarly crushed. Therefore the Bolshevik regime was aware of the fact that there whitethorn be some opposition to the regime from, hence the regime chose to use the Red Terror in order to deal with any practicable opposition. Thus some historians see this as a dictatorial action. Volkogonov also views the Red Terror as a cling to power at any cost6. He believes that Lenin wanted to stay in power at the cost of the Russian lives that may oppose him, thus Lenin chose to end this opposition either with bodily terror, shooting, or through the use of concentration camps.Another aspect of the terror, which leads many historians of accusing Lenin as a dictator is the formation of the CHEKA7. This became the state institution8 to deal with any form of opposition to the regime. Historians believe that Lenin can be seen as dictatorial as he chose to deal with the opposition by terrorist mea ns, and that he felt no qualms in resorting to merciless terror.9Pipes believes that Lenin is a dictator as he planned to use terror before there had been any organised opposition against him. He explains that the CHEKA, or secret police, the main agency of the Red Terror was established in December 1917, before there was any organised resistance to the new regime.10, thus this shows that the CHEKA was notwithstanding used to maintain the power of the Bolshevik regime and to cling to Lenins authority.This view is supported by Volkogonov who believes that in order for Lenin to value his authority he needed only one device, merciless dictatorship11. This historian is clearly stating that Lenins use of terror was a merciless dictatorship aimed at protecting his regime from any opponents. For example in August 1918 Lenin ordered ruthless measures against rich peasants who were resisting the regime and in particular its requisitioning of food. Therefore the CHEKA can be seen by histor ians such as Pipes and Volkogonov as a clear evidence of the dictatorship of Lenin. This is because the CHEKA and the Red Terror helped Lenin to establish more control over opposition in Russia. However, the account of these two historians can be challenged, as Pipes is an anti-Marxist and despises Lenin, while Volkogonov is an ex-general in the Russian army and does not approve of Soviet policies, therefore both historians hold prejudice views and. In addition to their historical opinions there are historical facts suggesting their argument is wrong.The interpretation that Lenin used terror simply as a means of enforcing his policies and establishing control has been questioned by other historians who see the policy of the Red Terror as a fleeting measure forced on Lenin due to the circumstances they also believe the terror was not used entirely by Lenin, Red Terror was rather a response to terror he faced. Lavers opinion on the Red Terror is that Terror met Terror12. Here he is referring to the Civil War, in which the Whites were using terror as well. During the Civil War, Baron Wrangel, a White attraction in the Crimea ordered the execution of 300 prisoners of war, while the Green leader Antonov allowed his army of peasants to bury alive captured communist. Thus this historian is suggesting that Lenin only seemed to respond to the situations he was in, and had no intention of controlling political opposition. Lenin was not the only one using terror, there were other political organisations that did use terror.Hence he was in a situation in which he had to use terror as a response. Other historians also believe that Lenin was in a threat from the graduation moment he come into power, thus he needed to use terror in order to protect his authority. This view is supported by Liebman, who believes that Lenins motive- to carry the soviet power against the attacks of counter revolutionaries13, led him to use terror as he was facing opposition from 1917. This is proven by the fact that the opposition to Lenin came both from within Russia and from outside Russia. On 10 November 1917 the Morning Post in London called for direct military action against the Bolsheviks, also as the Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917 Kerensky and General Krasnov attempted to rally an army onto Petrograd in November 1917.This therefore shows that Lenin faced opposition and a terror threat from the first moment he came to power, thus he merely responded to this terror. Overall, Lenin used the Red Terror as a response to the terror that already existed in Russia when he had come to power. Lenin established the Red Terror after he had faced threats from both within Russia and from foreign intervention, thus Lenin cannot be seen as a dictator. This is because Lenin did not establish terror for personal interest and to control all political opposition, he established the terror in order to deal with terrorist opposition in the same way any regime would.The use of the CHEKA is also viewed by Service as a temporary measure, he believes that Lenin believed that the need for such an organisation would be only temporaryLenin did not at this stage call for a campaign of extensive mass terror14. This view is right, as Lenin saw the CHEKA as a temporary measure to protect the Bolshevik regime during its infancy to take care its survival. Furthermore, the CHEKA was temporary, as during the Civil War the role of the CHEKA had declined.Overall, both the Red Terror and the CHEKA were a temporary response to the circumstances and a necessary body to contain the counter-revolution threat facing the Bolsheviks. Furthermore any regime that is newly established into a nation needs to protect itself from terrorist opposition. Thus Lenin cannot be seen as a dictator because he established a temporary measure as a response to the Russian circumstances. i of the reasons why Lenin is accused of cosmos a dictator is the policy of War Communism. War Communism was a decree introduced by Lenin, it established strong centralised control over areas of production and distribution in the areas under Bolshevik control. War Communism can be seen as dictatorial policy as it reduced workers involvement in factories Factory Committees lost the ability to manage their work places. Instead party officials took over this role which led to Bolshevik control over the economy. It also included the requisition of grain from peasants in rural areas by force this caused unrest to increase as a result Lenin was forced to back his measures with the terror of the CHEKA.The view that War Communism is dictatorial is expressed by Volkogonov who believes that War Communism was a harsh regulation, as there was an stabbing food shortage in 1920 and a famine in 1921, in which 10 million Russians died. Volkogonov also believes that the dominance of the state over society which Lenin approvedensured the word sense of War Communism15. Volkogonov expresses a view in whi ch Lenin appears to have approved of complete control over all aspect of society, and it was his attitude towards the government of Russia that led the way for War Communism. Thus Volkogonov is stating that Lenin is a dictator because of the policies that he introduced to Russia. However, knowing that Volkogonov was an ex-general in the Russian army, and had to leave due to his political views of the communist regime, his views cannot be seen as average due to his biased and anti-Leninist feelings.The interpretation that War Communism was dictatorial is also questionable because, to an extent, the control of War Communism was needed, as most factory committees were not professional and experienced enough to control production for the Civil War, nor did they have the ability to organise the supplies for the cities and Red Army.It can therefore also be argued that Lenin was not a dictator, for example Hill argues, that Lenins choices to introduce War Communism were caused by temporar y desperate necessities16. This suggests that Lenins actions were not of a dictatorial intention and that Lenins adaptation of War Communism was a mere response to the harsh economic problems. Although Hill is a biased historian, as he was a Marxist and sympathetic to Lenin, there were harsh conditions, due to the treaty of Brest Litovsk and the Civil War so his interpretation is still credible. The view that War Communism was not dictatorial is also supported by Laver, who believes that War Communism was the response of a regime desperate to feed the towns17. Production in Russia collapsed as the transport of goods and raw materials was totally disrupt by the Civil War the allies blockaded communist territory, mainly Petrograd, and prevented it receiving foreign trade.This led to the population of Moscow and Petrograd being halved of the 2.6 million workers in 1917 only 1.2 million was left working in 192018. Thus there was a need of an economy that was temporarily controlled by t he state in order to ensure that cities were provided with food from the countryside and that production continued during the Civil War. Most importantly it can not be overlooked that War Communism was only a temporary measure. As soon as the Civil War come to an end War Communism was replaced by the New Economic Policy which granted workers more than the freedom they had before the Civil War, and the peasants a freedom which they had never had. Laver, who holds a neutral view of both Lenin and communist revolution, believes that War Communism was a response to the Russian problems. He states that the policies were brought in piecemeal in response to the critical circumstances which prevailed in Russia19.Therefore this view also supports the argument that the economic problems led Lenin to adopt the policies of War Communism. Service also believes that The onset of Civil War had intervened and necessitated emergency measures that he now referred to as War Communism20, therefore the view of Service, who is a neutral historian, supports the view of both Hill and Laver that Lenin was led to adopt the policies of War Communism due to the Civil War. Overall, Lenin cannot be easily accused of being a dictator as he adopted the policy of War Communism. This policy involved emergency measures that were imposed on Lenin as production fell and the Civil War started, Lenin had no intention of using the economy to establish personal power as he was unforced to grant back political freedom as soon as the Civil War was over.The New Economic Policy (NEP) could be seen by some historians as one of the policies that proves Lenin was a dictator. They suggest that Lenin was desperate to keep power therefore he introduced NEP which only gave limited economic freedom and introduced political restraints to ensure that no power was lost.Historians such as Pipes question Lenins motives for introducing NEP, they dont believe that it was done to grant freedom but in order to maintain power. Pipes claims that NEP was a temporary measure only introduced as a period of relaxed tension so that a fresh offensive would be launched to exterminate the bourgeois for good21. Pipes view is to an extent is right, as the introduction of NEP was accompany by strict measures of political control such as a final ban on all political parties other than the Bolsheviks.This suggests that Lenin was not willing to compromise his power, and he kept control of the commanding heights of the economy, thus had no real intention of granting the freedom that NEP seemed to promise. Pipes also suggest that for the Bolsheviks the grain monopoly was necessity to the survival of communist dictatorship22, and that the Bolsheviks needed to regain the peasants truth in order to establish their dictatorship. However this interpretation is questionable as the Bolsheviks intended to regain the loyalty of the peasantry for a better agriculture that would help to develop a better industry. Pipes v iew is biased, as he holds an anti-Lenin felling. Pipes served as President Reagans national security consultant on soviet affairs during 1981-82 thus he holds a very negative opinion towards Communism and Lenin in particular. Pipes view is therefore questionable.The introducation of NEP was after War Communism, this shows that Lenin was willing to grant freedom. This, ascertains that Lenin was in fact far from being a dictator as he granted the peasantry a freedom that they never had before and he allowed the agriculture and trade to develop in private hands. Services view that NEP allowed greater legal freedom for the peasantry to trade grain than had previously been functional to them23, is a more of a convincing view, as NEP allowed the peasants to trade the remainder of the grain anyway they wished. Thus the freedom that has been granted to the peasants proves that Lenin had no intention of performing as a dictator.NEP is therefore evidence that Lenin is not a dictator. It sh owed flexibility and the ability to compromise on ideology, which is not often related to dictators. Furthermore, NEP was able to posit confidence in Russians, workers and farmers returned to their work, which did help the economy. Overall, the NEP is another reason why Lenin cannot be seen as a dictator. This is because Lenin was able to see the errors that had been caused by War Communism and advise an alternative that did not agree with his ideology. NEP therefore proves that Lenin is far from being a dictator as it helped to improve the Russian economy and it replaced a temporary policy, which was not suitable for Russia after the Civil War.Overall, Lenin was not a dictator as he had no intention of being so, Lenin merely responded to the circumstance that faced him, although these responses may seem unsuitable Lenin did retreat from some of them, such as the move from War Communism to the New Economic Policy after the Civil War. Thus Lenin cannot be seen as a dictator.1 R.Pip es- The Russian regeneration page 5062 R.Pipes- The Three Whys of The Russian Revolution page 383 D.Volkogonov-Lenin animateness and Legacy page 3064 D.Volkogonov-Lenin Life and Legacy page 30756 D.Volkogonov- Lenin Life and Legacy page 2377 The Extra-ordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage was founded in December 1917.8 D.Volkogonov- Lenine Life and Legacy page 2369 R.Pipes- Three Whys Of The Russian Revolution page 4110 R.Pipes- Three Whys Of The Russian Revolution page 4111 D.Volkogonov- Lenin Life and Legacy page 47212 J.Laver- Lenin Liberator or Oppressor page 6213 M. Liebman- Leninism Under Lenin page 31514 R.Service- Lenin a Biography page 322.15 D.Volkogonov- Lenin Life and Legacy- page 334.16 C.Hill- Lenin and the Russian Revolution- page 133.17 J.Laver- Lenin Liberator or Oppressor- page70.18 P.Oxley- Russia from Tsars to Commissars- page 128.19 J.Laver- Lenin Liberator or Oppressor- page70.20 R.Service- Lenin a Biography- page 430.21 R.Pipes- T he Russian Revolution- page22 R.Pipes- The Russian Revolution- page23 R.Service-Lenin a Biography- page

Girl Postitive Essay Example for Free

Girl Postitive EssayThe movie Girl Positive is around, Rachel, a teenage girl Rachel in high trail that has come in contact with the sickness HIV. The movie shows how people in her high school target one over the disease. They also stereotype it, saying only gay people can get. They are quickly proven wrong though. A recent report put up on the school website shows that the star athlete that graduated before them was doing heroin. He had just died in a car accident and they raise it in his system and in his car. Everybody was completely shocked.After the report came out Rachel received a message that told her that this star athlete, Jason, had HIV. They were concerned about her well-being and asked if she also had the disease because she had lost her virginity to him at a party. Rachel became close with a new teacher at the school who conveniently worked at an AIDS clinic too. She asked to do some federation service down there for extra credit. While Rachel was there she snuck a HIV test and took it. Later on, the results came back positive and the teacher was trying to attend to her out but Rachel didnt want to listen.She was scared and didnt want anyone to know. Rachel tried telling her boyfriend, but he didnt understand. The rumors started in her school about her having it and her life felt like it was falling apart. But then Mark, Jasons brother, came to Rachel with a video admitting that Jason was HIV positive. They decided the school needed to know. When they all found out, almost the entire senior class went to this AIDS clinic and were getting tested. Rachel and her mom stood by each others side and got blood test through to know for sure.The movie ended with the doctor saying she was positive which I think was a truly disappointing ending. I thought this movie was really good. It shows that people really do not know about this awful disease. They think it will kill them instantly, but really wont if they come across the right meds. I als o think its very insightful. Although a lot of the scenes in the school were off because personally that wasnt like my school at all. I think this is a really good movie to shows because it gives a lot of facts on HIV that I didnt know and Im sure many other teenagers dont know either.

Artificial Intelligence in the Near Future Essay Example for Free

soupy Intelligence in the Near Future EssayHave you constantly wondered what it would be same to have a bunch of robots do everything for you? Cook, clean, run errands, maybe even take care of the children and animals. That sounds like a pretty slatternly life. What would you do though if they all turned on you suddenly your easy life was made much than than difficult than before. There are two sides to imitation Intelligence, lots like there are two sides to every person. There is a lot to take in when talking about drippy Intelligence, such(prenominal) as what it means, how it started, advant maturates, discriminates, things that rehearse schmaltzy Intelligence, how do other mass feel about it, how do you feel about it, and many other questions. So what is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence is considered the development of machines such as robots and security systems that do the jobs of humans. They are also able to understand human speech. With this being express in the future robots will be able to do everything humans quite a little, if not better. Things that use Artificial Intelligence will be programmed to response to voices, both any voice that speak to it, or only certain ones. Systems that stinkpot only open to a certain voice are most(prenominal) believably going to be used for government work, turn ones that open to any target be used for everyday things.In 1963 Konrad Zuse invented the Z1 data processor. This computer was the first computer that was freely programmable. 1942 John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry Created the ABC Computer, twenty years later Steve Russell and MIT invent the Spacewar computer game, which was the first computer game on record. By 1973 Robert Metcalfe and beetle off were able to come up with computer networking. Eleven years after that in 1984 Apple invented the Macintosh Computer, which was the first affordable desktop computer to be in homes. In 1949, between the ABC Computer and the first computer networking advancement in computer theory lead to computer science, and eventually Artificial Intelligence. After networking came about AI (Artificial Intelligence) became possible.Norbert Wiener was the first American to make the observation between human intelligence and machine, this happened back in 1950. Even though Norbert made the connection John McCarthy was consider the father of AI, because he put together many conferences to get AI up and working. This excessivelyk seven years. Finally the thermoregulator was consider the first AI because it could control the temperature in the room, it was able to notice if the room was to hot or too cold, and adjust it to your liking. Then in 1955 The system of logic Theorist was developed by Newell and Simon, and consider to be the first AI computer program. BY 1960 it was predicted that by 1985 AI would be doing the job of humans (Kurweil 69) troubled forwarding to the present AI has skyrocketed. There are vacuums that all you have to do is press the power solelyton and it does everything on its own there is no need for you to do any of the work. GPS are also a great invention, put one in your car, or type on your phone and it can tell you how to get where you need to be, as well as find shorter routes, non toll roads, as well as avoiding accidents or back up traffic, you can even put in if you are walking or riding a bike. Smart phones have made lives easier as well. There is so a great deal you can do with them, from checking bank account to putting in reminders, and some things are even voice activated. ATT Bell Laboratories may be the single most active telecommunications body working in Artificial Intelligence. Now if you want to have some fun with an AI, Cleverbot is the way to go. Cleverbot is a computer system that you can talk to, its doesnt always have the nicest things to say, or even make sense however it is fun to play around with. The most new thing to come of age is a car t hat drives itself, and is able to tell the difference between people who are walking and those on bikes.In 2004 the friendship named Topix was founded by Sun Microsystems and Netscape engineers Tom Markson, Bryan Dole, and Bob Truel. This company created artificial intelligence algorithms to monitor news from more than 50,000 sources. They later added user-generated capabilities allowing site visitors to share, edit, and discuss news.Having an item that is an AI has its advantages. For starters it would make for safer work places. Some work places have jobs with low oxygen, radioactive elements or even poor weather conditions, if we have robot working in those environment instead of human, many lives could be saved. Even jobs that keep families apart would be at an all time low. NASA and the Military would also have more advance weapons. They would be able to notice and destroy other countries harmful weapons and keep us safer. Also if we had robots and other types of machines that do not need to expect or eat, they could work around the clock on finding a cure for cancer, and ending world hunger. Instead of sending our men and woman to overseas countries were they are bombed and shot at, we could send AI machines. Most of all there would be less error in the work place. Many places already use machine to do things because they can better measure out the right amount of equipment.There is a downside to using AI as well. With the rise of robots taking over jobs it means people will be replaced. The unemployment rate will go up, less people will get the help they need because too many people will need assistants, and laziness in humans will reach an all time high. Without having to go anywhere or do anything that will leave people to sit and watch TV all day. With jobs being taken away, younger generations will be at a disadvantage because they will not know what it is like to earn a buck. As AI grows they will be collecting all kinds of information, too muc h knowledge for one being is not a good thing, they might end up thinking they are smarter than us, and go haywire causing more problems. Not to mention if the wrong people get their detention on it they could misuse it. Most of all though it will be pricey. Meaning the people will have higher taxes to pay, and with robots doing all the work with money we just dont have.When it comes to artificial intelligence my thoughts on it are 50/50. while I think it would be great to have extra help in work places or around the home, as well as not having to put so many people in danger just to get a job done I myself would not want to abide my job. I feel that if we use artificial intelligence for the good of others and not just to make things easier then we should do fine, but we must be metrical that it does not fall into the wrong hands.After taking a survey of ten men and ten woman ranging from the ages twenty to forty, asking them if they think artificial intelligence would be a good use for the future, the result were as followed five said yes, five said no, 3 were unsure, and seven think it would be both good and bad. In the twenty age group most were unsure though those who chose both were close behind, yes and nos were equal. In the age group of thirty there were no yess or unsure, those who chose no were beaten out by those who chose both. In the forty age rang there were no unsure, those who chose both and nos were equal as the yess beat them out. So it would seem the younger you are the more you are not sure, and the one-time(a) you are the more you would like it to happen.I asked the people that I surveyed why they picked the answer they did. For those who said No, most of them said it was because they wouldnt want to lose their job, while other worry about the system outsmarting us and causing a lot of damage and problems, pulse they have no moral judgment, compassion or other human emotions. Those who said yes were looking forward to work being easier , decision making would be easier and not put as much storm on the person in charge. One of the people who said yes had this to say Yes they could rescue a child from a burning building without getting violate83 Firefighters died last year while attempting to stop fires. That number would be zero if we had AI in the sense of I, Robot. Thats just one example but the implications are innumerable. Would you rather have a robot that never fatigues or gets distracted do surgery on your brain or a surgeon that may have had a late night or may have a difficult personal issue on his mind, like a divorce? (J.s).Those who choose both thought that it should be allowed, but with limits.Everyone has questions when it comes to AI. The one that seems to be worried about the most though is will laws change, or will there be different laws for AI? People are worried that they will have to learn a new set of laws. If by chance there are different laws for AI beings will they be just as fair as ours ? Or will they have more privileges?There is so much information out there when it comes to AI that it can be hard to keep up with. Now that you know what AI is, how it started, things that use it, advantages and disadvantages, my thoughts, other peoples thoughts and questions that are asked you have a good head start on learning more. What you find may surprise you and enlighten you, but nevertheless it is very interesting. One last piece of advice I would give to anyone, is since AI can be used for good or bad, watch whose hands it falls into.

Effect of the Weather on Agriculture

Effect of the Weather on AgricultureExecutive synopsisAgricultural activities ar often affected by the withstand. Weather is unpredictable as it changes from cartridge holder to time. As the awkward activities affected, the craws or the outcome of the agricultural activities would be affected as well and this ca employ the income of the farmers to be affected or causing the investors to lose money. Therefore, bear derivative is needed to protect the farmers and investors. So, this look for is all round assumeling and determine of endure derivatives where the prevail is based on the workaday average temperature in Malaysia. In this seek, in that location be two main objectives which accommodate the simulation of temperature and determine of tolerate derivatives. To complete this explore project, there argon 10 stages to be gone through. The details about the stages would be discussed in the methodological analysis of this research.The poser apply to imperso nate the movement of daily average temperature in this research would be the stochastic half(prenominal) Brownian motion. This forge is chosen because based on the past researches, this influence fits the data well and successfully representativeled the dynamics of daily average temperature. From this research, the daily temperature is expected to be modelled and passd by the stated model well. Besides that, the pricing of live derivatives forget be encountered as well. Through this research, it provides a lot of advantages. For example, it provides a better thinking in the process of simulate the temperature and the pricing method of hold derivatives. The outcome from this research can be used as a reference for future researchers that do research in this field.Details of Research Project(a) Research Background1. Problem statementAgricultural activities be one of the main activities carried out by people well-nigh the world. It is one of the main sources of income for so me of the countries like Africa, India and China. Even in this modern technological era, many of the agricultural activities still depending on the weather. Weather is the daily conditions of a particular place. For example, humidity, precipitation, the daily average temperature and visibility are all under the weather. Since weather is a thing thats beyond human control and agricultural activities are highly depending on weather, therefore, agricultural businesses are often referred to as a high risk business.In recent years, the weather insurance and weather derivatives are becoming more re forthwithned as it reduces or hedge the risks go about by all farmers and investors that caused by weather. Jewson (2005) presented a few reasons why is the weather derivatives all- all-important(prenominal)(prenominal) and in Jewson (2005) and Cao and Wei (2004), a few weather hedging techniques were shown. The traditional agricultural insurance is the crop insurance. There are a lot of disa dvantages of the traditional crop insurance. Some of the disadvantages include inefficiency due to poor contract structured, lack of information and high transaction costs involved. This caused those farmers could non afford for the insurance and hence the weather derivatives are highly needed as weather derivatives normally had a lower bell than the weather insurance. Thus, weather derivatives play a very important role in helping the farmers and investors. The first weather related derivative deal was done by Aquila Energy in 1997 for Consolidated Edison Company, where a dual-commodity hedge was structured.Since the agricultural derivatives are getting more important, more fiscal researchers are doing their research on the pricing of weather based derivatives. Norton (2010) stated that the weather derivative is a way to share the risk for farmers in developing countries. Malaysia is lucky enough to be located in the equatorial region. Hence, the weather in Malaysia is hot and hu mid throughout the year. Therefore, in Malaysia, the crops are only affected by the daily average temperature and the amount of rainfall. Of course, there are catastrophes that happen in Malaysia too, like flash flooding, acid rain or drought. These catastrophes in Malaysia caused the damage to all the crops. But, the main problem that could affect the crops in Malaysia would be the amount of rainfall, the daily temperature or humidity. Hence, in Malaysia, to structure a weather derivative, it is easier as compared to other four season countries because the weather factors that taken into account are lesser. Moreover, there are lack of people doing research in this field, thus, this research is quite important as to solve the agricultural problems.2. Research questionsOne of the problems faced by researchers in doing research about the pricing of weather derivatives is often the pricing model or the pricing technique that is used. Besides pricing technique, the model that used to de scribe the dynamic or the movement of the weather factors like amount of rainfall or daily average temperature in the research of weather derivatives is one of the problems faced by researchers as well. Hence, in this research, the focus would be on the modelling of the daily average temperature in Malaysia and the pricing of the weather derivatives. So, the questions to be answered in this research will be how well the model is, in describing the movement of daily average temperature and how to price the weather derivatives.3. Literature reviewThere are real a lot of researchers had done their research about the weather insurance or derivatives. Some of the models used by past researchers include temperature modelling, Black-Scholes model, Time series models, Brownian model, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, Esscher transformation and more.Taib and Benth (2012) had done a research on the pricing of the weather insurance by using three different approaches which include burn analysis app roach, advocator modelling and temperature modelling. The weather index is first calculated and then the price of the insurance contract is calculated based on the weather index. The weather index, which is based on the Cooling-Degree daylight (CDD) is calculated by using the formulae of After calculating the , the price of the insurance contract can then be now determined by using the formulaeP(t, ) = exp(r( t))E)Ft where the expected value of the claim size is found. The exp(r( t) is used to find the present value by discounting at time as Indicates the end of the period where insurance starts paying. The formulae of P(t, ) is a standard method to price the weather related insurance or derivatives.For burning analysis approach, it is foremost introduced by Jewson and Brix (2005) as a classic method in pricing weather derivatives. The payoff of the burning analysis approach is based on the verifiable distribution of the sample data collected. While the mean value of obser vations of the sample data is used to calculate the price of the contract. The next method introduced by Jewson and Brix (2005) is the index modelling approach, and Taib and Benth(2012) modify a little bit of the model where the past claims are fitted into a distribution and the expected value of the distribution is used in pricing the contracts. Lastly, Taib and Benth (2012) proposed a new model where the changes of the daily average temperature are modelled using the autoregressive, a time series model.Besides Taib and Benth (2012), Campbell and Diebold (2003) in any case uses time series model to model and forecast the daily average temperature in certain cities of America for the purpose of weather derivatives. While Chang, Lin Shen (2009) constructed a theoretical model to price the weather derivatives and this is the extended version of the model of Cao and Wei (2004). In the research paper of Chang, Lin Shen (2009), the estimation value of future Heating-Degree Day(HDD) and Cooling-Degree Day (CDD) is predicted by using Mote-Carlo simulation and they successfully utilize the time series temperature model in Campbell and Diabold (2003). Mills (2009) also uses time series model to model the current temperature trend of Central England. In the research of Mills (2009), it is suggested that three other alternative ways could be used to model the temperature trend, which is the parametric stochastic trend model, the non-parametric local trend fit, and a low-pass filter. These 3 alternative techniques had been discussed in Mills (2003) and Pollock (2007).Other than time series models, other models were used by other researchers in pricing of weather derivatives. For example, Lee and Oren (2009) suggested a model of balance wheel pricing of the weather derivatives for various commodities. This model is built where the risk averse utility function is optimized by the agents, including the weather derivatives that have been issued. There are two types of a gent. The first type is the farmers where they obtain the profit with the exposure to weather risks while the second type of agent is those financial investors where they hope to diversify the financial portfolio. Therefore, later in 2010 and 2011, Lee and Oren with Hrdle and Osipenko simulate the realistic market conditions to get the equilibrium price for weather derivatives. This equilibrium pricing method of Lee and Oren is actually based on the research of Cao and Wei (1999) where Cao and Wei generalize the model of Lucas (1978) and include the daily temperature as a fundamental variable.Since Black-Scholes pretending is a popular method to price the European options, Boto and Ciuma (2012) uses the Black-Scholes model to apply in weather derivatives. The aim of their research is to see how the Black-Scholes model can be applied in weather type derivative and to analyze whether it is a suitable model to price for weather derivatives. However, based on their findings of the rese arch, they concluded that the Black-Scholes model is not a suitable model to price for the weather derivatives as the weather market developed very quickly and it is inconsistent. Due to the inconsistencies, the model is not preferable to be used for pricing of weather derivatives contract unless it is a part of the portfolio.Benth and altyt-Benth (2005) uses a stochastic model to model the variations of temperature in their research paper. They used the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck with the driven by Levy process and having seasonal mean and volatility. They find that this model is quite a success to fit the Norwegian temperature data. Besides that, Svec and Stevenson (2006) also use a stochastic model to model and forecast the temperature.Svec and Stevenson (2006) uses Fourier transformation and stochastic Brownian motion (SBM).They proposed a more generalized stochastic Brownian motion to model the temperature, that is, the stochastic fractional Brownian motion (FBM). The model proposed ta ke account the low-frequency variability of weather where the SBM does not. The difference of the SBM and FBM is that the FBM included a continuous-time Gaussian process depending on the Hurst parameter. This research paper concluded that the Monte-Carlo simulation overly forecast while the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time-series model under forecast the monthly accumulated Heating-degree Day (HDD) and Cooling-degree Day (CDD). They also concluded that the models they use in the research have better estimates than that of the Campbell and Diebold (2003) model.(b) Objective of ResearchThere are two main objectives in this research, that is-(i) To model the daily temperature based on the analysis of daily average temperature in Malaysia by using stochastic fractional Brownian Motion.(ii) Pricing of the weather derivative.(c) Methodology1. decrease Chart of Research Activities2. Gantt Chart of Research Activities3. Milestones and DatesThe flow chart, Gantt chart and milestone s and date clearly show that the research activities of this research project. To complete this research project, there are 10 stages. The first stage is looking for a research supervisor so that this research is under supervision. Then, setting up of research title will be the next stage. After setting up the research title, studying and reading related journals needed as to get a rough idea of what is the research needed to be done and what actually the research is all about. The fourth stage will be fixing the model to be used in the research. After reading and studying of relevant journals, the model to be used could be determined.In this research, the model to be used in modelling the daily average temperature is the FBM. The FBM that will be used is as followsThis model was chosen because out of a few models studied in the past research papers, it is one of the best model that fits the movement of temperature. In this FBM, it consists of several components. That is, the mean r eversion process, the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and the fractional Brownian process which is a continuous-time Gaussian process. Besides that, the model used also included some seasonal and trend factors. With the combination of this few process and factors, it makes the stochastic FBM more efficient in describing the movement of temperature.As the fixing of the model is done, preparation of research proposal would be the next stage and it is now pending for approval by supervisor. After the proposal of research is done and it is approved, collection of data begun and then analysis works will be started. Analyses of data enable the temperature to be modelled by the model fixed in the earlier stage. In this research, the model to be used is the Stochastic Brownian Motion. Hence, the eighth stage is the modelling of daily average temperature using Stochastic Brownian Motion. After the modelling, pricing of weather derivatives can be start doing and finally, after the pricing is done, the research project is finished up and completed.(d) Expected results1. New KnowledgeThroughout this research, there are actually a lot of new knowledge could be obtained. As this research is all about modelling of temperature and pricing of weather derivatives hence, by doing this research, it provides a better idea on which model is better in fitting or describing the movements of daily temperature as a lot of other models are studied. Besides that, the steps to model the movements of daily temperatures also a new knowledge. It improves the knowledge about stochastic. Since this research is using stochastic fractional Brownian Motion to model the changes of daily temperature, through this research, the suitability of the stochastic model to describe the changes of daily temperature will be reviewed. Besides that, through this research, the application and the usage of the stochastic fractional Brownian Motion is known. Moreover, it will provide a better understanding of the meth od to calculate the price of the weather derivatives.2. Research publicationsThis research will be create as a thesis in semester II of 2014/2015.3. Impact on Society, Economy and NationSince in Malaysia, it is lack of researchers doing the research about the pricing weather derivatives, so, this research of modelling and pricing of weather derivatives gives some small impact on the economy. One of the impact is that it improves a little bit of the economic conditions of the agricultural field. As mentioned previously in this research, agricultural activities are affected a lot by the weather and agriculture activities are one of the largest activities in Malaysia. Hence, by doing this research, the forecasting of temperature can be done based on the modelling of temperature. With the forecasting of temperature, it can help the farmers to be aware of their crops and come out with a better strategy to handle and prepare for the worst. Of course, the forecast results might not be acc urate, but, with the guides provided from the modelling and forecasting, it helps to reduce the risk of losing the money, be it the farmers or the investors. This helps to prevent the farmers from halt doing agriculture activities. So, by doing this research, it indirectly affected a little bit on the economic condition of the agricultural field.ReferencesBenth, F., altyt-Benth, J. (2005). Stochastic Modelling of Temperature Variations with a tidy sum Towards Weather Derivatives. Applied Mathematical Finance, 53-85.Boto, H., Ciuma, C. (2012). The use of the Black-Scholes Model in the Field of Weather Derivatives.Procedia Economics and Finance,611-616.Cao, M. and Wei, J. (1999). Pricing weather derivative an equilibrium approach. Working paper.Cao, M., Li, A. and Wei, J., (2004). rush modeling and contract valuation a frontier in weather derivatives. The Journal of Alternative Investments 7 93- 99.Campbell, S.D. and Diebold, F.X., (2003). Weather forecasting for weather derivati ves. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 100 6-16.Chang, C., Lin, J., Shen, W. (2009). Pricing Weather Derivatives using a Predicting Power Time Series Process*.Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies,863- 890.Hrdle, W. K. and Osipenko, M. (2011). Pricing Chinese Rain A Multisite Multi-period Equilibrium Pricing Model for Rainfall Derivatives. SFB 649 Discussion Paper 2011-055.Jewson, S. and Brix, A. 2005. Weather Derivative Valuation The Meteorological, Statistical, Financial and Mathematical Foundations. Cambridge University Press.Lee, Y. and Oren, S., (2009). An equilibrium pricing model for weather derivatives in a multi-commodity setting. Energy Economics, 31 (5) 702-713.Lee, Y. and Oren, S., (2010). A multi-period equilibrium pricing model of weather derivatives. Energy Systems 1 3-30.Lucas, R. E. (1978). Asset prices in an exchange economy, Econometrica 46, pp. 1429-1445.Mills, T. C. (2003). Modelling Trends and Cycles in Economic Time Series. Palgrave Macmill an.Mills, T. C. (2009). Modelling Current Temperature Trends. Journal of Data Science 7, 89-97.Norton, M., Osgood, D., Turvey, C. (2010). Weather Index Insurance and the Pricing of spatial Basis Risk. Retrieved from http//ageconsearch.umn.edu /bitstream/61734/2/Norton%20Osgood%20Turvey.Weather%20Index%20Ins urance%20and%20the%20Pricing%20of%20Spatial%20Basis%20Risk%20_ AAEA2010_.pdfPollock, D. S. G. (2007). Statistical signal extraction and filtering A partial survey. In Handbook on Computational Econometrics (Forthcoming)2. Elsevier.Svec, J., Stevenson, M. (2006). Modelling and forecasting temperature based weather derivatives.Global Finance Journal,185-204.Taib, C.M.I.C. and Benth, F.E. (2012). Pricing of temperature index insurance. Review of Development Finance 2, pp.22-31.